Ebook Pierwsze kontakty polsko-arabskie mobi,epub

re are also important. Mateusz Bogucki, an archaeologist and a numismatist, has studied the content of the treasures from the early Middle Ages in this context. While the contacts were indirect and unilateral, it is undeniable is that the West Slavs were active participants in expansive trade in Central and Northern Europe (apart from fur and slaves, they also traded honey, leather, and amber). The nature of the preserved Arabian silver coins, dirhams, was not only monetary; although dirhams did not come directly from the Arab-Muslim world, they did constitute an essential element of Arab origin that influenced the economic development of Poland as well as Central Europe. What is of crucial importance for the Polish historical and cultural heritage are the numerous finds of the silver dirhams from the 9th-11th century. Their massive amounts have prompted Dariusz Adamczyk, a historian, to investigate the source of their inflow and circulation, in the context of their possible significance to the beginnings of the Polish state. Dirhams reached this area through intermediaries - representatives of the community that had direct contact with the Arab-Muslim empire as a result of trading (this pertains to the trade mentioned above, including furs or slaves). In the country of the Piasts, Arabian silver was a means of payment as well as a political tool for Mieszko I. Based on the analysis, the author has concluded that the relationship between the demand for fur and slaves in the Arab-Muslim empire and the inflow of Arabian silver to Poland is undeniable; besides, this influx significantly contributed to the development of Polish lands. What complements the research on the circulation of Arabian dirhams is Tomasz Nowakiewiczs description of early mediaeval imports from the Muslim province found on Polish lands. The author, an archaeologist, divides them into three categories: dirhams, objects made of imported raw materials or using technology that stemmed from the East, and unusual findings, that is individual and non-standard luxury items from the Arab-Muslim world (or referring to the Arab-Muslim tradition). The analysis has focused on the last two groups of discoveries, the objects of non-monetary import, such as vitreous relics (beads), fine crafts and, , containers. It is highly probable that the objects were of Middle Eastern origin or that the technology used to make them was Middle Eastern. Małgorzata Grupa, an archaeologist, has based her search for Arabic elements (accents) in the material culture of Poland on archaeological sources. She has analysed, among others, a ribbon with a geometric ornament, a piece of fabric with golden thread, and a scrap of silk. The objects were luxury products imported to Poland from southern Europe and Asia, but it is difficult to specify where they had been produced. Dirhams remain the only objects with undoubtedly Middle Eastern origins. * * * Since the publication is also intended for readers who are not specialised scholars, this book uses simplified Polish transcription[1] for terms of Arabic origin. However, for reasons of clarity, the first occurrence of a particular term includes, in parentheses, the spelling that follows the scientific ISO standards. The geographical names are written according to the directives of the Committee for Standardisation of Geographic Names from Outside the Republic of Poland. Agata S. Nalborczyk Mustafa Switat Jan Tyszkiewicz Jacek Adamczyk Słowianie wschodni i zachodni w oczach wczesnośredniowiecznych pisarzy arabskich (koniec VII-X wiek)[1] Najstarsza faza kontaktów świata muzułmańskiego z Europą Środkową i Wschodnią, w tym z ziemiami polskimi, przypada na ważny czas przekształcania się plemiennego świata Słowian w organizmy państwowe. Z tego okresu pochodzą liczne zabytki archeologiczne odnajdywane na obszarze tych ziem, obejmujące tysiące monet arabskich. Jednak materiały wykopaliskowe nie dają odpowiedzi na wiele pytań zadawanych przez współczesnych uczonych, nie zawsze też można je interpretować w sposób jednoznaczny. Tym cenniejsze są opisowe źródła arabskie z tego czasu, zwłaszcza w sytuacji generalnie niewielkiej liczby świadectw pisanych, w tym znikomej ilości przekazów sporządzonych przez drugą stronę. Źródła te stały się przedmiotem zainteresowania nauki w XIX wieku, ale arabski język, słabo znany historykom, spowodował, że wprowadzanie ich treści do badań historycznych związane było z pojawianiem się ich tłumaczeń na języki europejskie. Na gruncie polskim pierwszą poważną pracą była edycja, wraz z tłumaczeniem, fragmentu opisu świata autorstwa Al-Bakriego (Al-Bakr?), zawierająca relację Ibrahima Ibn Jakuba (Ibr?h?m Ibn Yaq?b) z podróży do Europy Środkowej, opublikowana przez Tadeusza Kowalskiego w 1946 roku[2]. W roku 1956 Tadeusz Lewicki zainicjował szeroko pomyślaną serię wydawniczą Źródła arabskie do dziejów Słowiańszczyzny z